{"notebook_content":"\n\n\n\n\nNotebook\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\"No\n

Ultrafine particles (UFPs)\u00b6

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Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is one of the main threats to human health, particularly in large cities where pollution levels are continually exceeded. According to their source of emission, geography, and local meteorology, the pollutant particles vary in size and composition. These particles are conditioned to the aerodynamic diameter and thus classified as coarse (2.5\u201310 \u03bcm), fine (0.1\u20132.5 \u03bcm), and ultrafine (<0.1 \u03bcm), where the degree of toxicity becomes greater for smaller particles.

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EU's new directive classifies Ultrafine particles (UFPs) as the particle number concentrations in cm\u00b3 for a size range with a lower limit of \u2264 10 nm and for a size range with no restriction on the upper limit. This means to sum all size ranges of particle number concentrations that satisfy this condition. The particle number concentrations in [dN/dlogDp] are measured with Mobility Particle Size Spectrometers (SMPS or DMPS), where D in [nm] is the geometric mean of the channels.

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In\u00a0[1]:
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import xarray as xr \nimport threddsclient\n\nimport plotly.graph_objects as go\nimport plotly.express as px\nimport numpy as np\nfrom datetime import datetime\n
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In\u00a0[2]:
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# Get the ACTRIS NRT thredds catalog\nall_opendap_urls = threddsclient.opendap_urls('https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/catalog/actris_nrt/catalog.xml')\n\n# Get all DMPS opendap urls\ndmps_opendap_urls = [x for x in all_opendap_urls if 'dmps' in x]\nprint('All NRT dmps datasets with opendap protocol: \\n',dmps_opendap_urls)\n\n# Get all SMPS opendap urls\nsmps_opendap_urls = [x for x in all_opendap_urls if 'smps' in x]\nprint('\\nAll NRT smps datasets with opendap protocol: \\n',smps_opendap_urls)\n
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All NRT dmps datasets with opendap protocol: \n ['https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FI0063R.20260129050000.20260429051317.dmps...3mo.1h.FI07L_UEF_DMPS_2_NRT.FI07L_DMPS.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/NO0002R.20260129050000.20260429051806.dmps...3mo.1h.NO01L_NILU_DMPSmodel2_BIR_NRT...nc']\n\nAll NRT smps datasets with opendap protocol: \n ['https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/BE0007R.20260129050000.20260429043959.smps...3mo.1h.BE03L_SMPS_TROPOS_NRT.DE08L_TROPOS_SMPS_VERSION669.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/CH0001G.20260129050000.20260429052407.smps...3mo.1h.CH02L_SMPS_TROPOS_NRT.CH02L_CH02L_SMPS.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/DE0043G.20260417000000.20260423132640.smps...4d.1h.DE09L_SMPS_TROPOS_NRT.DE08L_TROPOS_SMPS_VERSION669.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/DE0044R.20260129050000.20260429051207.smps...3mo.1h.DE01L_SMPS_TROPOS_NRT.DE08L_TROPOS_SMPS_VERSION669.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/ES0019U.20260414150000.20260429051219.smps...15d.1h.ES05L_SMPS3082_NRT.ES05L_none.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FI0023R.20260129050000.20260429051237.smps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_SMPS_VAR_NRT.FI03L_TRY_SMPS.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FI0038U.20260129050000.20260429051248.smps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_SMPS_KUM_NRT.FI03L_TRY_SMPS.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FI0050R.20260129050000.20260429051301.smps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_SMPS_HYY_NRT.FI03L_TRY_SMPS.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FR0020R.20260129050000.20260429051327.smps...3mo.1h.FR01L_SMPS3082_NRT.FR01L_none.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/FR0027U.20260129070000.20260429052417.smps...3mo.1h.FR28L_SMPS3082_NRT.FR28L_none.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/IT0009R.20260216100000.20260429051808.smps...10w.1h.IT06L_smps_CMN_NRT.IT06L_TROPOS_SMPS_VERSION669.lev1.5.nc', 'https://thredds.nilu.no/thredds/dodsC/actris_nrt/PL0008U.20260129050000.20260429043609.smps...3mo.1h.PL15L_TSI_SMPS_3082_NRT.PL15L_none.lev1.5.nc']\n
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In\u00a0[3]:
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# For this example only one opendap_url is used: \nopendap_url = dmps_opendap_urls[1]\n
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In\u00a0[4]:
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# Open and show dataset with xarray \nds_xr = xr.open_dataset(opendap_url)\nds_xr\n
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Out[4]:
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<xarray.Dataset> Size: 5MB\nDimensions:                                                  (time: 2082,\n                                                              tbnds: 2,\n                                                              metadata_time: 1,\n                                                              Location: 1,\n                                                              pressure_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              relative_humidity_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              temperature_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              D: 50,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags: 1)\nCoordinates:\n  * time                                                     (time) datetime64[ns] 17kB ...\n  * metadata_time                                            (metadata_time) datetime64[ns] 8B ...\n  * Location                                                 (Location) |S64 64B ...\n  * D                                                        (D) float64 400B ...\nDimensions without coordinates: tbnds, pressure_qc_flags,\n                                relative_humidity_qc_flags,\n                                temperature_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags\nData variables: (12/20)\n    time_bnds                                                (time, tbnds) datetime64[ns] 33kB ...\n    metadata_time_bnds                                       (metadata_time, tbnds) datetime64[ns] 16B ...\n    pressure_qc                                              (Location, pressure_qc_flags, time) float64 17kB ...\n    pressure_ebasmetadata                                    (Location, metadata_time) |S64 64B ...\n    relative_humidity_qc                                     (Location, relative_humidity_qc_flags, time) float64 17kB ...\n    relative_humidity_ebasmetadata                           (Location, metadata_time) |S64 64B ...\n    ...                                                       ...\n    pressure                                                 (Location, time) float64 17kB ...\n    relative_humidity                                        (Location, time) float64 17kB ...\n    temperature                                              (Location, time) float64 17kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_amean                  (D, time) float64 833kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587               (D, time) float64 833kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413               (D, time) float64 833kB ...\nAttributes: (12/110)\n    Conventions:                                   CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3\n    featureType:                                   timeSeries\n    title:                                         Particle_number_size_distr...\n    keywords:                                      pm10, ACTRIS_NRT, K-puszta...\n    id:                                            HU0002R.20260129050000.202...\n    naming_authority:                              EBAS\n    ...                                            ...\n    geospatial_lat_units:                          degrees_north\n    geospatial_lon_units:                          degrees_east\n    comment:                                       {\\n    \"Data definition\": ...\n    standard_name_vocabulary:                      CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3\n    history:                                       None\n    creator_url:                                   ebas.nilu.no
xarray.Dataset
    • time: 2082
    • tbnds: 2
    • metadata_time: 1
    • Location: 1
    • pressure_qc_flags: 1
    • relative_humidity_qc_flags: 1
    • temperature_qc_flags: 1
    • D: 50
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags: 1
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags: 1
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags: 1
    • time
      (time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-...
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of measurement
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      time_bnds
      array(['2026-01-29T05:30:00.000000000', '2026-01-29T06:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-01-29T07:30:00.000000000', ..., '2026-04-29T01:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-04-29T02:30:00.000000000', '2026-04-29T03:30:00.000000000'],\n      shape=(2082,), dtype='datetime64[ns]')
    • metadata_time
      (metadata_time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-03-15T04:30:00
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of ebas metadata intervals
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      metadata_time_bnds
      array(['2026-03-15T04:30:00.000000000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')
    • Location
      (Location)
      |S64
      b'instrument internal'
      array([b'instrument internal'], dtype='|S64')
    • D
      (D)
      float64
      10.0 10.9 12.0 ... 731.6 800.0
      array([ 10. ,  10.9,  12. ,  13.1,  14.3,  15.6,  17.1,  18.7,  20.5,  22.4,\n        24.5,  26.7,  29.2,  32. ,  35. ,  38.2,  41.8,  45.7,  50. ,  54.7,\n        59.8,  65.4,  71.5,  78.2,  85.5,  93.5, 102.3, 111.9, 122.3, 133.8,\n       146.3, 160. , 174.9, 191.3, 209.2, 228.7, 250.1, 273.5, 299.1, 327.1,\n       357.7, 391.2, 427.8, 467.8, 511.6, 559.4, 611.8, 669. , 731.6, 800. ])
    • time_bnds
      (time, tbnds)
      datetime64[ns]
      ...
      long_name :
      time bounds for measurement
      [4164 values with dtype=datetime64[ns]]
    • metadata_time_bnds
      (metadata_time, tbnds)
      datetime64[ns]
      ...
      long_name :
      time bounds for ebas metadata intervals
      [2 values with dtype=datetime64[ns]]
    • pressure_qc
      (Location, pressure_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • pressure_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • relative_humidity_qc
      (Location, relative_humidity_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • relative_humidity_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • temperature_qc
      (Location, temperature_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • temperature_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • pressure
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      hPa
      ancillary_variables :
      pressure_qc pressure_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      pressure
      ebas_unit :
      hPa
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • relative_humidity
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      relative_humidity
      units :
      %
      ancillary_variables :
      relative_humidity_qc relative_humidity_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      relative_humidity
      ebas_unit :
      %
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • temperature
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      K
      ancillary_variables :
      temperature_qc temperature_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      temperature
      ebas_unit :
      K
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: percentile:15.87
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      percentile:15.87
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: percentile:84.13
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      percentile:84.13
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
  • Conventions :
    CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3
    featureType :
    timeSeries
    title :
    Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta
    keywords :
    pm10, ACTRIS_NRT, K-puszta, HU0002R, particle_number_size_distribution
    id :
    HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc
    naming_authority :
    EBAS
    project :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    citation :
    Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU
    summary :
    Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta. These measurements are gathered as a part of the following projects ACTRIS_NRT and they are stored in the EBAS database (http://ebas.nilu.no/). Parameters measured are: particle_number_size_distribution in pm10, particle_number_size_distribution in pm10, particle_number_size_distribution in pm10
    source :
    surface observation
    institution :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    processing_level :
    processing_level_test
    date_created :
    2026-04-29T04:26:02 UTC
    date_metadata_modified :
    2026-04-29T04:26:02 UTC
    creator_name :
    Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Pet\u00e4j\u00e4
    creator_type :
    person
    creator_email :
    , tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi
    creator_institution :
    , \"University of Helsinki, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, UHEL\"
    contributor_name :
    Pasi Aalto
    contributor_role :
    data submitter
    publisher_type :
    institution
    publisher_name :
    NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ATMOS, EBAS
    publisher_institution :
    NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ATMOS, EBAS
    publisher_email :
    ebas@nilu.no
    publisher_url :
    https://www.nilu.no/
    geospatial_bounds :
    POINT Z (46.58 19.35 125.0)
    geospatial_bounds_crs :
    EPSG:4979
    geospatial_lat_min :
    46.58
    geospatial_lat_max :
    46.58
    geospatial_lon_min :
    19.35
    geospatial_lon_max :
    19.35
    geospatial_vertical_min :
    125.0
    geospatial_vertical_max :
    125.0
    geospatial_vertical_positive :
    up
    time_coverage_start :
    2026-01-29T05:00:00 UTC
    time_coverage_end :
    2026-04-29T04:00:00 UTC
    time_coverage_duration :
    P0000-02-30T23:00:00
    time_coverage_resolution :
    P0000-00-00T01:00:00
    timezone :
    UTC
    ebas_data_definition :
    EBAS_1.1
    ebas_data_license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    ebas_citation :
    Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU
    ebas_set_type_code :
    TI
    ebas_timezone :
    UTC
    ebas_file_name :
    HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc
    ebas_file_creation :
    2026-04-29T05:33:18.294790 UTC
    ebas_export_state :
    2026-04-29T05:25:00.040178 UTC
    ebas_export_filter :
    exclude-900,exclude-invalid
    ebas_startdate :
    20260129050000
    ebas_revision_date :
    20260429042602
    ebas_version :
    1
    ebas_version_description :
    initial revision
    ebas_data_level :
    1.5
    ebas_period_code :
    3mo
    ebas_resolution_code :
    1h
    ebas_sample_duration :
    1h
    ebas_orig_time_res :
    10mn
    ebas_station_code :
    HU0002R
    ebas_platform_code :
    HU0002S
    ebas_station_name :
    K-puszta
    ebas_station_wdca_id :
    GAWAHU__KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_id :
    KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_name :
    K-Puszta
    ebas_station_land_use :
    Forest
    ebas_station_setting :
    Rural
    ebas_station_gaw_type :
    R
    ebas_station_wmo_region :
    6
    ebas_station_latitude :
    46.965333
    ebas_station_longitude :
    19.544889
    ebas_station_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_latitude :
    46.58
    ebas_measurement_longitude :
    19.35
    ebas_measurement_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_height :
    10.0 m
    ebas_regime :
    IMG
    ebas_laboratory_code :
    FI03L
    ebas_instrument_type :
    dmps
    ebas_instrument_name :
    UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
    ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
    UHEL
    ebas_instrument_model :
    DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_instrument_serial_number :
    00001
    ebas_method_ref :
    FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_standard_method :
    SOP=Wiedensohler2012
    ebas_inlet_type :
    Impactor--direct
    ebas_inlet_description :
    PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
    Nafion dryer
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
    Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
    ebas_volume_std_temperature :
    273.15 K
    ebas_volume_std_pressure :
    1013.25 hPa
    ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
    Zero possible
    ebas_zero_negative_values :
    Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
    ebas_organization :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_framework_acronym :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    ebas_framework_name :
    Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
    ebas_framework_description :
    ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
    ebas_framework_contact_name :
    Cathrine Lund Myhre
    ebas_framework_contact_email :
    clm@nilu.no
    ebas_originator :
    Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_submitter :
    Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
    ebas_acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    ebas_comment :
    automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
    Metadata_Conventions :
    Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0
    geospatial_lat_units :
    degrees_north
    geospatial_lon_units :
    degrees_east
    comment :
    {\n \"Data definition\": \"EBAS_1.1\",\n \"Data license\": \"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\",\n \"Citation\": \"Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU\",\n \"Set type code\": \"TI\",\n \"Timezone\": \"UTC\",\n \"File name\": \"HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc\",\n \"File creation\": \"2026-04-29T05:33:18.294790 UTC\",\n \"Export state\": \"2026-04-29T05:25:00.040178 UTC\",\n \"Export filter\": \"exclude-900,exclude-invalid\",\n \"Startdate\": \"20260129050000\",\n \"Revision date\": \"20260429042602\",\n \"Version\": \"1\",\n \"Version description\": \"initial revision\",\n \"Data level\": \"1.5\",\n \"Period code\": \"3mo\",\n \"Resolution code\": \"1h\",\n \"Sample duration\": \"1h\",\n \"Orig. time res.\": \"10mn\",\n \"Station code\": \"HU0002R\",\n \"Platform code\": \"HU0002S\",\n \"Station name\": \"K-puszta\",\n \"Station WDCA-ID\": \"GAWAHU__KPS\",\n \"Station GAW-ID\": \"KPS\",\n \"Station GAW-Name\": \"K-Puszta\",\n \"Station land use\": \"Forest\",\n \"Station setting\": \"Rural\",\n \"Station GAW type\": \"R\",\n \"Station WMO region\": \"6\",\n \"Station latitude\": \"46.965333\",\n \"Station longitude\": \"19.544889\",\n \"Station altitude\": \"125.0 m\",\n \"Measurement latitude\": \"46.58\",\n \"Measurement longitude\": \"19.35\",\n \"Measurement altitude\": \"125.0 m\",\n \"Measurement height\": \"10.0 m\",\n \"Regime\": \"IMG\",\n \"Laboratory code\": \"FI03L\",\n \"Instrument type\": \"dmps\",\n \"Instrument name\": \"UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT\",\n \"Instrument manufacturer\": \"UHEL\",\n \"Instrument model\": \"DMPS_PUS_01\",\n \"Instrument serial number\": \"00001\",\n \"Method ref\": \"FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01\",\n \"Standard method\": \"SOP=Wiedensohler2012\",\n \"Inlet type\": \"Impactor--direct\",\n \"Inlet description\": \"PM10 at ambient humidity inlet\",\n \"Humidity/temperature control\": \"Nafion dryer\",\n \"Humidity/temperature control description\": \"Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH\",\n \"Volume std. temperature\": \"273.15 K\",\n \"Volume std. pressure\": \"1013.25 hPa\",\n \"Zero/negative values code\": \"Zero possible\",\n \"Zero/negative values\": \"Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations\",\n \"Organization\": \"FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland\",\n \"Framework acronym\": \"ACTRIS_NRT\",\n \"Framework name\": \"Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases\",\n \"Framework description\": \"ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.\",\n \"Framework contact name\": \"Cathrine Lund Myhre\",\n \"Framework contact email\": \"clm@nilu.no\",\n \"Originator\": \"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \\\"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\\\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland\",\n \"Submitter\": \"Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , , \",\n \"Acknowledgement\": \"Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator\",\n \"Comment\": \"automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags\"\n}
    standard_name_vocabulary :
    CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3
    history :
    None
    creator_url :
    ebas.nilu.no
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Plot of particle number size distribution / particle number concentration\u00b6

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In\u00a0[5]:
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df = ds_xr.particle_number_size_distribution_amean.to_dataframe().reset_index()\ndf\n
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Out[5]:
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Dtimeparticle_number_size_distribution_amean
010.02026-01-29 05:30:00284.47
110.02026-01-29 06:30:00396.42
210.02026-01-29 07:30:00370.86
310.02026-01-29 08:30:00235.67
410.02026-01-29 09:30:00241.72
............
104095800.02026-04-28 22:30:008.36
104096800.02026-04-29 00:30:003.13
104097800.02026-04-29 01:30:003.59
104098800.02026-04-29 02:30:003.94
104099800.02026-04-29 03:30:004.19
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104100 rows \u00d7 3 columns

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In\u00a0[6]:
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z_data = df['particle_number_size_distribution_amean'].copy()\nz_data[z_data <= 0] = np.nan\nz = np.log10(z_data)\n\n# Fixed logarithmic scale from -1.0 to 5.0 with 0.2 interval\nlog_min = -1.0\nlog_max = 5.0\ntick_interval = 0.2\n\ntickvals1 = np.arange(log_min, log_max + tick_interval, tick_interval)\nticktext1 = [f'{val:.1f}' for val in tickvals1]\n\n# Creating a Plotly Graph Object \nfig = go.Figure(go.Heatmap(\n        x = df['time'],\n        y = df['D'],\n        z = z,\n        zmin = log_min,\n        zmax = log_max,\n        #line_smoothing=0.1,\n        zsmooth='best',\n        colorscale = 'Jet',\n        showscale=True,\n        colorbar=dict(\n            orientation='h',\n            x=1,\n            y=1.2,\n            xanchor='right',\n            yanchor='top',\n            len=1,\n            thickness=15,\n            title=dict(\n                text=r'(dN/dlogDp)/log10 [1/cm3]',\n                font=dict(\n                    size=12,\n                    family='Arial, sans-serif'),\n                side='right'),\n            tickvals = tickvals1, \n            ticktext = ticktext1,\n            ),\n        )\n    )\n\nfig.update_layout(\n    title=f'DMPS - particle number size distribution - pm10 at {ds_xr.ebas_station_name}',\n    xaxis_title=\"Time\",\n    yaxis_title=\"Particle Diameter [nm]\",\n    title_font_size=20, \n    margin=dict(t=140),\n)\nfig.update_yaxes(type=\"log\")\nfig.show()\n
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Calculate UFPs with xarray\u00b6

SMPS and DMPS measurements of particle number concentration is given by the normalized concentration, i.e: dN/dlogDp (1/cm\u00b3). Where dlogDp is the difference in the log of the channel width.

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\"image.png\"

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First a show of the dlogDp calculations\u00b6

Begining with calculating the boundaries for each channel

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In\u00a0[7]:
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#Calculate the boundaries. \nbnds = (ds_xr['D'][1:].values*ds_xr['D'][:-1].values)/np.sqrt(ds_xr['D'][1:].values*ds_xr['D'][:-1].values)\nbnds\n
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Out[7]:
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array([ 10.44030651,  11.43678276,  12.53794241,  13.68685501,\n        14.93586288,  16.33278911,  17.88211397,  19.57932583,\n        21.42895238,  23.42648074,  25.57635627,  27.92203431,\n        30.56795708,  33.46640106,  36.5650106 ,  39.95947948,\n        43.70652125,  47.80167361,  52.29722746,  57.19318141,\n        62.53734884,  68.38201518,  74.77499582,  81.76857587,\n        89.41056984,  97.80107361, 106.99238291, 116.98448615,\n       127.92083489, 139.91047137, 152.99673199, 167.28418933,\n       182.91629233, 200.04989378, 218.73280504, 239.16076183,\n       261.5384293 , 286.01372345, 312.78684435, 342.05799216,\n       374.07517961, 409.09089455, 447.35314909, 489.21005713,\n       534.96639147, 585.01360668, 639.76104914, 699.60017153,\n       765.03594687])
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In\u00a0[8]:
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#Diffirentiate between the upper and lower boundaries\nupper_bnds = np.append(bnds,0) \nlower_bnds = np.insert(bnds,0,0) \nprint('Lower boundaries:\\n',lower_bnds)\nprint('\\nGeometric mean D:\\n',ds_xr['D'].values)\nprint('\\nUpper boundaries:\\n',upper_bnds)\n
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Lower boundaries:\n [  0.          10.44030651  11.43678276  12.53794241  13.68685501\n  14.93586288  16.33278911  17.88211397  19.57932583  21.42895238\n  23.42648074  25.57635627  27.92203431  30.56795708  33.46640106\n  36.5650106   39.95947948  43.70652125  47.80167361  52.29722746\n  57.19318141  62.53734884  68.38201518  74.77499582  81.76857587\n  89.41056984  97.80107361 106.99238291 116.98448615 127.92083489\n 139.91047137 152.99673199 167.28418933 182.91629233 200.04989378\n 218.73280504 239.16076183 261.5384293  286.01372345 312.78684435\n 342.05799216 374.07517961 409.09089455 447.35314909 489.21005713\n 534.96639147 585.01360668 639.76104914 699.60017153 765.03594687]\n\nGeometric mean D:\n [ 10.   10.9  12.   13.1  14.3  15.6  17.1  18.7  20.5  22.4  24.5  26.7\n  29.2  32.   35.   38.2  41.8  45.7  50.   54.7  59.8  65.4  71.5  78.2\n  85.5  93.5 102.3 111.9 122.3 133.8 146.3 160.  174.9 191.3 209.2 228.7\n 250.1 273.5 299.1 327.1 357.7 391.2 427.8 467.8 511.6 559.4 611.8 669.\n 731.6 800. ]\n\nUpper boundaries:\n [ 10.44030651  11.43678276  12.53794241  13.68685501  14.93586288\n  16.33278911  17.88211397  19.57932583  21.42895238  23.42648074\n  25.57635627  27.92203431  30.56795708  33.46640106  36.5650106\n  39.95947948  43.70652125  47.80167361  52.29722746  57.19318141\n  62.53734884  68.38201518  74.77499582  81.76857587  89.41056984\n  97.80107361 106.99238291 116.98448615 127.92083489 139.91047137\n 152.99673199 167.28418933 182.91629233 200.04989378 218.73280504\n 239.16076183 261.5384293  286.01372345 312.78684435 342.05799216\n 374.07517961 409.09089455 447.35314909 489.21005713 534.96639147\n 585.01360668 639.76104914 699.60017153 765.03594687   0.        ]\n
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Calculating the last boundary for the upper and lower channel

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In\u00a0[9]:
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# dlogDp for all\ndlogDp = np.zeros(len(ds_xr['D'].values))\ndlogDp[1:-1] = np.log10(upper_bnds[1:-1]) - np.log10(lower_bnds[1:-1])\n\n# Calculating the boundary dlogDp's\ndlogDp[0] = (np.log10(ds_xr['D'][1]) - np.log10(upper_bnds[0]))*2\ndlogDp[-1] = (np.log10(ds_xr['D'][-1]) - np.log10(upper_bnds[-2]))*2\n\nprint(dlogDp)\n
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[0.0374265  0.03959062 0.0399224  0.0380774  0.03792665 0.03883004\n 0.0393585  0.03937888 0.03920321 0.03870611 0.03813162 0.03810838\n 0.03931936 0.0393426  0.03845669 0.03855412 0.03892642 0.03889686\n 0.03903556 0.03886559 0.03879521 0.03880243 0.0388145  0.03883004\n 0.03880243 0.03895476 0.03900924 0.03877541 0.03881301 0.03890893\n 0.03883193 0.03877274 0.03879749 0.03888594 0.0387756  0.03877601\n 0.03884558 0.03885136 0.03886161 0.03885126 0.03885915 0.03886092\n 0.03883069 0.03884488 0.03883112 0.03883947 0.03885183 0.03883211\n 0.03883193 0.03881629]\n
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Include the dlogDp values in the existing xarray\u00b6

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In\u00a0[10]:
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ds_xr['dlogDp'] = (('D'), dlogDp)\nds_xr\n
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Out[10]:
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<xarray.Dataset> Size: 5MB\nDimensions:                                                  (time: 2082,\n                                                              tbnds: 2,\n                                                              metadata_time: 1,\n                                                              Location: 1,\n                                                              pressure_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              relative_humidity_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              temperature_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              D: 50,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags: 1,\n                                                              particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags: 1)\nCoordinates:\n  * time                                                     (time) datetime64[ns] 17kB ...\n  * metadata_time                                            (metadata_time) datetime64[ns] 8B ...\n  * Location                                                 (Location) |S64 64B ...\n  * D                                                        (D) float64 400B ...\nDimensions without coordinates: tbnds, pressure_qc_flags,\n                                relative_humidity_qc_flags,\n                                temperature_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags,\n                                particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags\nData variables: (12/21)\n    time_bnds                                                (time, tbnds) datetime64[ns] 33kB ...\n    metadata_time_bnds                                       (metadata_time, tbnds) datetime64[ns] 16B ...\n    pressure_qc                                              (Location, pressure_qc_flags, time) float64 17kB ...\n    pressure_ebasmetadata                                    (Location, metadata_time) |S64 64B ...\n    relative_humidity_qc                                     (Location, relative_humidity_qc_flags, time) float64 17kB ...\n    relative_humidity_ebasmetadata                           (Location, metadata_time) |S64 64B ...\n    ...                                                       ...\n    relative_humidity                                        (Location, time) float64 17kB ...\n    temperature                                              (Location, time) float64 17kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_amean                  (D, time) float64 833kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587               (D, time) float64 833kB ...\n    particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413               (D, time) float64 833kB ...\n    dlogDp                                                   (D) float64 400B ...\nAttributes: (12/110)\n    Conventions:                                   CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3\n    featureType:                                   timeSeries\n    title:                                         Particle_number_size_distr...\n    keywords:                                      pm10, ACTRIS_NRT, K-puszta...\n    id:                                            HU0002R.20260129050000.202...\n    naming_authority:                              EBAS\n    ...                                            ...\n    geospatial_lat_units:                          degrees_north\n    geospatial_lon_units:                          degrees_east\n    comment:                                       {\\n    \"Data definition\": ...\n    standard_name_vocabulary:                      CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3\n    history:                                       None\n    creator_url:                                   ebas.nilu.no
xarray.Dataset
    • time: 2082
    • tbnds: 2
    • metadata_time: 1
    • Location: 1
    • pressure_qc_flags: 1
    • relative_humidity_qc_flags: 1
    • temperature_qc_flags: 1
    • D: 50
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags: 1
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags: 1
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags: 1
    • time
      (time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-...
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of measurement
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      time_bnds
      array(['2026-01-29T05:30:00.000000000', '2026-01-29T06:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-01-29T07:30:00.000000000', ..., '2026-04-29T01:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-04-29T02:30:00.000000000', '2026-04-29T03:30:00.000000000'],\n      shape=(2082,), dtype='datetime64[ns]')
    • metadata_time
      (metadata_time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-03-15T04:30:00
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of ebas metadata intervals
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      metadata_time_bnds
      array(['2026-03-15T04:30:00.000000000'], dtype='datetime64[ns]')
    • Location
      (Location)
      |S64
      b'instrument internal'
      array([b'instrument internal'], dtype='|S64')
    • D
      (D)
      float64
      10.0 10.9 12.0 ... 731.6 800.0
      array([ 10. ,  10.9,  12. ,  13.1,  14.3,  15.6,  17.1,  18.7,  20.5,  22.4,\n        24.5,  26.7,  29.2,  32. ,  35. ,  38.2,  41.8,  45.7,  50. ,  54.7,\n        59.8,  65.4,  71.5,  78.2,  85.5,  93.5, 102.3, 111.9, 122.3, 133.8,\n       146.3, 160. , 174.9, 191.3, 209.2, 228.7, 250.1, 273.5, 299.1, 327.1,\n       357.7, 391.2, 427.8, 467.8, 511.6, 559.4, 611.8, 669. , 731.6, 800. ])
    • time_bnds
      (time, tbnds)
      datetime64[ns]
      ...
      long_name :
      time bounds for measurement
      [4164 values with dtype=datetime64[ns]]
    • metadata_time_bnds
      (metadata_time, tbnds)
      datetime64[ns]
      ...
      long_name :
      time bounds for ebas metadata intervals
      [2 values with dtype=datetime64[ns]]
    • pressure_qc
      (Location, pressure_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • pressure_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • relative_humidity_qc
      (Location, relative_humidity_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • relative_humidity_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • temperature_qc
      (Location, temperature_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • temperature_ebasmetadata
      (Location, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [1 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc
      (D, particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc_flags, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      status_flag
      units :
      1
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_ebasmetadata
      (D, metadata_time)
      |S64
      ...
      long_name :
      ebas metadata for different time intervals; json encoded
      [50 values with dtype=|S64]
    • pressure
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      hPa
      ancillary_variables :
      pressure_qc pressure_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      pressure
      ebas_unit :
      hPa
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • relative_humidity
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      standard_name :
      relative_humidity
      units :
      %
      ancillary_variables :
      relative_humidity_qc relative_humidity_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      relative_humidity
      ebas_unit :
      %
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • temperature
      (Location, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      K
      ancillary_variables :
      temperature_qc temperature_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      temperature
      ebas_unit :
      K
      ebas_matrix :
      instrument
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [2082 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_amean
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: mean
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      arithmetic mean
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_qc particle_number_size_distribution_prec1587_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: percentile:15.87
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      percentile:15.87
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413
      (D, time)
      float64
      ...
      units :
      1/cm3
      ancillary_variables :
      particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_qc particle_number_size_distribution_perc8413_ebasmetadata
      cell_methods :
      time: percentile:84.13
      ebas_data_license :
      https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      ebas_revision_date :
      20260429042602
      ebas_version :
      1
      ebas_version_description :
      initial revision
      ebas_statistics :
      percentile:84.13
      ebas_data_level :
      1.5
      ebas_sample_duration :
      1h
      ebas_orig_time_res :
      10mn
      ebas_station_code :
      HU0002R
      ebas_platform_code :
      HU0002S
      ebas_station_name :
      K-puszta
      ebas_station_wdca_id :
      GAWAHU__KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_id :
      KPS
      ebas_station_gaw_name :
      K-Puszta
      ebas_station_land_use :
      Forest
      ebas_station_setting :
      Rural
      ebas_station_gaw_type :
      R
      ebas_station_wmo_region :
      6
      ebas_station_latitude :
      46.965333
      ebas_station_longitude :
      19.544889
      ebas_station_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_latitude :
      46.58
      ebas_measurement_longitude :
      19.35
      ebas_measurement_altitude :
      125.0 m
      ebas_measurement_height :
      10.0 m
      ebas_regime :
      IMG
      ebas_component :
      particle_number_size_distribution
      ebas_unit :
      1/cm3
      ebas_matrix :
      pm10
      ebas_laboratory_code :
      FI03L
      ebas_instrument_type :
      dmps
      ebas_instrument_name :
      UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
      ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
      UHEL
      ebas_instrument_model :
      DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_instrument_serial_number :
      00001
      ebas_method_ref :
      FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
      ebas_standard_method :
      SOP=Wiedensohler2012
      ebas_inlet_type :
      Impactor--direct
      ebas_inlet_description :
      PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
      Nafion dryer
      ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
      Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
      ebas_volume_std_temperature :
      273.15 K
      ebas_volume_std_pressure :
      1013.25 hPa
      ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
      uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
      ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
      Zero possible
      ebas_zero_negative_values :
      Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
      ebas_organization :
      FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_framework_acronym :
      ACTRIS_NRT
      ebas_framework_name :
      Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
      ebas_framework_description :
      ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
      ebas_framework_contact_name :
      Cathrine Lund Myhre
      ebas_framework_contact_email :
      clm@nilu.no
      ebas_originator :
      Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
      ebas_submitter :
      Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
      ebas_acknowledgement :
      Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
      ebas_comment :
      automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
      [104100 values with dtype=float64]
    • dlogDp
      (D)
      float64
      0.03743 0.03959 ... 0.03883 0.03882
      array([0.0374265 , 0.03959062, 0.0399224 , 0.0380774 , 0.03792665,\n       0.03883004, 0.0393585 , 0.03937888, 0.03920321, 0.03870611,\n       0.03813162, 0.03810838, 0.03931936, 0.0393426 , 0.03845669,\n       0.03855412, 0.03892642, 0.03889686, 0.03903556, 0.03886559,\n       0.03879521, 0.03880243, 0.0388145 , 0.03883004, 0.03880243,\n       0.03895476, 0.03900924, 0.03877541, 0.03881301, 0.03890893,\n       0.03883193, 0.03877274, 0.03879749, 0.03888594, 0.0387756 ,\n       0.03877601, 0.03884558, 0.03885136, 0.03886161, 0.03885126,\n       0.03885915, 0.03886092, 0.03883069, 0.03884488, 0.03883112,\n       0.03883947, 0.03885183, 0.03883211, 0.03883193, 0.03881629])
  • Conventions :
    CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3
    featureType :
    timeSeries
    title :
    Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta
    keywords :
    pm10, ACTRIS_NRT, K-puszta, HU0002R, particle_number_size_distribution
    id :
    HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc
    naming_authority :
    EBAS
    project :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    citation :
    Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU
    summary :
    Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta. These measurements are gathered as a part of the following projects ACTRIS_NRT and they are stored in the EBAS database (http://ebas.nilu.no/). Parameters measured are: particle_number_size_distribution in pm10, particle_number_size_distribution in pm10, particle_number_size_distribution in pm10
    source :
    surface observation
    institution :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    processing_level :
    processing_level_test
    date_created :
    2026-04-29T04:26:02 UTC
    date_metadata_modified :
    2026-04-29T04:26:02 UTC
    creator_name :
    Markku Kulmala, Tuukka Pet\u00e4j\u00e4
    creator_type :
    person
    creator_email :
    , tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi
    creator_institution :
    , \"University of Helsinki, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics, UHEL\"
    contributor_name :
    Pasi Aalto
    contributor_role :
    data submitter
    publisher_type :
    institution
    publisher_name :
    NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ATMOS, EBAS
    publisher_institution :
    NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ATMOS, EBAS
    publisher_email :
    ebas@nilu.no
    publisher_url :
    https://www.nilu.no/
    geospatial_bounds :
    POINT Z (46.58 19.35 125.0)
    geospatial_bounds_crs :
    EPSG:4979
    geospatial_lat_min :
    46.58
    geospatial_lat_max :
    46.58
    geospatial_lon_min :
    19.35
    geospatial_lon_max :
    19.35
    geospatial_vertical_min :
    125.0
    geospatial_vertical_max :
    125.0
    geospatial_vertical_positive :
    up
    time_coverage_start :
    2026-01-29T05:00:00 UTC
    time_coverage_end :
    2026-04-29T04:00:00 UTC
    time_coverage_duration :
    P0000-02-30T23:00:00
    time_coverage_resolution :
    P0000-00-00T01:00:00
    timezone :
    UTC
    ebas_data_definition :
    EBAS_1.1
    ebas_data_license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    ebas_citation :
    Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU
    ebas_set_type_code :
    TI
    ebas_timezone :
    UTC
    ebas_file_name :
    HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc
    ebas_file_creation :
    2026-04-29T05:33:18.294790 UTC
    ebas_export_state :
    2026-04-29T05:25:00.040178 UTC
    ebas_export_filter :
    exclude-900,exclude-invalid
    ebas_startdate :
    20260129050000
    ebas_revision_date :
    20260429042602
    ebas_version :
    1
    ebas_version_description :
    initial revision
    ebas_data_level :
    1.5
    ebas_period_code :
    3mo
    ebas_resolution_code :
    1h
    ebas_sample_duration :
    1h
    ebas_orig_time_res :
    10mn
    ebas_station_code :
    HU0002R
    ebas_platform_code :
    HU0002S
    ebas_station_name :
    K-puszta
    ebas_station_wdca_id :
    GAWAHU__KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_id :
    KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_name :
    K-Puszta
    ebas_station_land_use :
    Forest
    ebas_station_setting :
    Rural
    ebas_station_gaw_type :
    R
    ebas_station_wmo_region :
    6
    ebas_station_latitude :
    46.965333
    ebas_station_longitude :
    19.544889
    ebas_station_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_latitude :
    46.58
    ebas_measurement_longitude :
    19.35
    ebas_measurement_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_height :
    10.0 m
    ebas_regime :
    IMG
    ebas_laboratory_code :
    FI03L
    ebas_instrument_type :
    dmps
    ebas_instrument_name :
    UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
    ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
    UHEL
    ebas_instrument_model :
    DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_instrument_serial_number :
    00001
    ebas_method_ref :
    FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_standard_method :
    SOP=Wiedensohler2012
    ebas_inlet_type :
    Impactor--direct
    ebas_inlet_description :
    PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
    Nafion dryer
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
    Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
    ebas_volume_std_temperature :
    273.15 K
    ebas_volume_std_pressure :
    1013.25 hPa
    ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
    Zero possible
    ebas_zero_negative_values :
    Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
    ebas_organization :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_framework_acronym :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    ebas_framework_name :
    Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
    ebas_framework_description :
    ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
    ebas_framework_contact_name :
    Cathrine Lund Myhre
    ebas_framework_contact_email :
    clm@nilu.no
    ebas_originator :
    Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_submitter :
    Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
    ebas_acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    ebas_comment :
    automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
    Metadata_Conventions :
    Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0
    geospatial_lat_units :
    degrees_north
    geospatial_lon_units :
    degrees_east
    comment :
    {\n \"Data definition\": \"EBAS_1.1\",\n \"Data license\": \"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\",\n \"Citation\": \"Kulmala, M., Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, T., ACTRIS_NRT, 2026, Particle_number_size_distribution at K-puszta, data hosted by EBAS at NILU\",\n \"Set type code\": \"TI\",\n \"Timezone\": \"UTC\",\n \"File name\": \"HU0002R.20260129050000.20260429042602.dmps...3mo.1h.FI03L_UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT.FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01.lev1.5.nc\",\n \"File creation\": \"2026-04-29T05:33:18.294790 UTC\",\n \"Export state\": \"2026-04-29T05:25:00.040178 UTC\",\n \"Export filter\": \"exclude-900,exclude-invalid\",\n \"Startdate\": \"20260129050000\",\n \"Revision date\": \"20260429042602\",\n \"Version\": \"1\",\n \"Version description\": \"initial revision\",\n \"Data level\": \"1.5\",\n \"Period code\": \"3mo\",\n \"Resolution code\": \"1h\",\n \"Sample duration\": \"1h\",\n \"Orig. time res.\": \"10mn\",\n \"Station code\": \"HU0002R\",\n \"Platform code\": \"HU0002S\",\n \"Station name\": \"K-puszta\",\n \"Station WDCA-ID\": \"GAWAHU__KPS\",\n \"Station GAW-ID\": \"KPS\",\n \"Station GAW-Name\": \"K-Puszta\",\n \"Station land use\": \"Forest\",\n \"Station setting\": \"Rural\",\n \"Station GAW type\": \"R\",\n \"Station WMO region\": \"6\",\n \"Station latitude\": \"46.965333\",\n \"Station longitude\": \"19.544889\",\n \"Station altitude\": \"125.0 m\",\n \"Measurement latitude\": \"46.58\",\n \"Measurement longitude\": \"19.35\",\n \"Measurement altitude\": \"125.0 m\",\n \"Measurement height\": \"10.0 m\",\n \"Regime\": \"IMG\",\n \"Laboratory code\": \"FI03L\",\n \"Instrument type\": \"dmps\",\n \"Instrument name\": \"UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT\",\n \"Instrument manufacturer\": \"UHEL\",\n \"Instrument model\": \"DMPS_PUS_01\",\n \"Instrument serial number\": \"00001\",\n \"Method ref\": \"FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01\",\n \"Standard method\": \"SOP=Wiedensohler2012\",\n \"Inlet type\": \"Impactor--direct\",\n \"Inlet description\": \"PM10 at ambient humidity inlet\",\n \"Humidity/temperature control\": \"Nafion dryer\",\n \"Humidity/temperature control description\": \"Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH\",\n \"Volume std. temperature\": \"273.15 K\",\n \"Volume std. pressure\": \"1013.25 hPa\",\n \"Zero/negative values code\": \"Zero possible\",\n \"Zero/negative values\": \"Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations\",\n \"Organization\": \"FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland\",\n \"Framework acronym\": \"ACTRIS_NRT\",\n \"Framework name\": \"Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases\",\n \"Framework description\": \"ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.\",\n \"Framework contact name\": \"Cathrine Lund Myhre\",\n \"Framework contact email\": \"clm@nilu.no\",\n \"Originator\": \"Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \\\"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\\\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland\",\n \"Submitter\": \"Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , , \",\n \"Acknowledgement\": \"Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator\",\n \"Comment\": \"automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags\"\n}
    standard_name_vocabulary :
    CF-1.7, ACDD-1.3
    history :
    None
    creator_url :
    ebas.nilu.no
\n
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\n

Calculate total concentration\u00b6

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In\u00a0[11]:
\n
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# Multiplying the particle_number_size_distribution_amean with dlogDp\n\ntotal_concentration = (ds_xr.particle_number_size_distribution_amean * ds_xr.dlogDp).rename('total_concentration')\ntotal_concentration\n
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Out[11]:
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<xarray.DataArray 'total_concentration' (D: 50, time: 2082)> Size: 833kB\narray([[10.64671587, 14.83661231, 13.87999103, ...,  7.7480336 ,\n        12.26092073, 11.97835067],\n       [10.65937934, 14.82748013, 13.94698468, ...,  7.53765872,\n        12.1056248 , 11.81107057],\n       [10.1917892 , 14.11057188, 13.4518523 , ...,  6.9648617 ,\n        11.40223634, 11.09922533],\n       ...,\n       [ 1.02710936,  0.77470064,  0.75334297, ...,  0.28425106,\n         0.24075909,  0.27260143],\n       [ 0.62713574,  0.44850884,  0.44889716, ...,  0.21357564,\n         0.19221808,  0.20580925],\n       [ 0.30470788,  0.25385854,  0.22086469, ...,  0.13935048,\n         0.15293618,  0.16264026]], shape=(50, 2082))\nCoordinates:\n  * D        (D) float64 400B 10.0 10.9 12.0 13.1 ... 611.8 669.0 731.6 800.0\n  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 17kB 2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-29T03...\nAttributes: (12/59)\n    units:                                         1/cm3\n    ancillary_variables:                           particle_number_size_distr...\n    cell_methods:                                  time: mean\n    ebas_data_license:                             https://creativecommons.or...\n    ebas_revision_date:                            20260429042602\n    ebas_version:                                  1\n    ...                                            ...\n    ebas_framework_contact_name:                   Cathrine Lund Myhre\n    ebas_framework_contact_email:                  clm@nilu.no\n    ebas_originator:                               Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.pet...\n    ebas_submitter:                                Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , , \n    ebas_acknowledgement:                          Data used in this <study/r...\n    ebas_comment:                                  automatic data processing ...
xarray.DataArray
'total_concentration'
  • D: 50
  • time: 2082
  • 10.65 14.84 13.88 8.82 9.047 ... 0.3245 0.1215 0.1394 0.1529 0.1626
    array([[10.64671587, 14.83661231, 13.87999103, ...,  7.7480336 ,\n        12.26092073, 11.97835067],\n       [10.65937934, 14.82748013, 13.94698468, ...,  7.53765872,\n        12.1056248 , 11.81107057],\n       [10.1917892 , 14.11057188, 13.4518523 , ...,  6.9648617 ,\n        11.40223634, 11.09922533],\n       ...,\n       [ 1.02710936,  0.77470064,  0.75334297, ...,  0.28425106,\n         0.24075909,  0.27260143],\n       [ 0.62713574,  0.44850884,  0.44889716, ...,  0.21357564,\n         0.19221808,  0.20580925],\n       [ 0.30470788,  0.25385854,  0.22086469, ...,  0.13935048,\n         0.15293618,  0.16264026]], shape=(50, 2082))
    • D
      (D)
      float64
      10.0 10.9 12.0 ... 731.6 800.0
      array([ 10. ,  10.9,  12. ,  13.1,  14.3,  15.6,  17.1,  18.7,  20.5,  22.4,\n        24.5,  26.7,  29.2,  32. ,  35. ,  38.2,  41.8,  45.7,  50. ,  54.7,\n        59.8,  65.4,  71.5,  78.2,  85.5,  93.5, 102.3, 111.9, 122.3, 133.8,\n       146.3, 160. , 174.9, 191.3, 209.2, 228.7, 250.1, 273.5, 299.1, 327.1,\n       357.7, 391.2, 427.8, 467.8, 511.6, 559.4, 611.8, 669. , 731.6, 800. ])
    • time
      (time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-...
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of measurement
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      time_bnds
      array(['2026-01-29T05:30:00.000000000', '2026-01-29T06:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-01-29T07:30:00.000000000', ..., '2026-04-29T01:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-04-29T02:30:00.000000000', '2026-04-29T03:30:00.000000000'],\n      shape=(2082,), dtype='datetime64[ns]')
  • units :
    1/cm3
    ancillary_variables :
    particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
    cell_methods :
    time: mean
    ebas_data_license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    ebas_revision_date :
    20260429042602
    ebas_version :
    1
    ebas_version_description :
    initial revision
    ebas_statistics :
    arithmetic mean
    ebas_data_level :
    1.5
    ebas_sample_duration :
    1h
    ebas_orig_time_res :
    10mn
    ebas_station_code :
    HU0002R
    ebas_platform_code :
    HU0002S
    ebas_station_name :
    K-puszta
    ebas_station_wdca_id :
    GAWAHU__KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_id :
    KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_name :
    K-Puszta
    ebas_station_land_use :
    Forest
    ebas_station_setting :
    Rural
    ebas_station_gaw_type :
    R
    ebas_station_wmo_region :
    6
    ebas_station_latitude :
    46.965333
    ebas_station_longitude :
    19.544889
    ebas_station_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_latitude :
    46.58
    ebas_measurement_longitude :
    19.35
    ebas_measurement_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_height :
    10.0 m
    ebas_regime :
    IMG
    ebas_component :
    particle_number_size_distribution
    ebas_unit :
    1/cm3
    ebas_matrix :
    pm10
    ebas_laboratory_code :
    FI03L
    ebas_instrument_type :
    dmps
    ebas_instrument_name :
    UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
    ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
    UHEL
    ebas_instrument_model :
    DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_instrument_serial_number :
    00001
    ebas_method_ref :
    FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_standard_method :
    SOP=Wiedensohler2012
    ebas_inlet_type :
    Impactor--direct
    ebas_inlet_description :
    PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
    Nafion dryer
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
    Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
    ebas_volume_std_temperature :
    273.15 K
    ebas_volume_std_pressure :
    1013.25 hPa
    ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
    uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
    ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
    Zero possible
    ebas_zero_negative_values :
    Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
    ebas_organization :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_framework_acronym :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    ebas_framework_name :
    Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
    ebas_framework_description :
    ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
    ebas_framework_contact_name :
    Cathrine Lund Myhre
    ebas_framework_contact_email :
    clm@nilu.no
    ebas_originator :
    Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_submitter :
    Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
    ebas_acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    ebas_comment :
    automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
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Calculate UFPs\u00b6

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In\u00a0[12]:
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# For all these instruments the first channel is D = 10.0 nm, \n# then the UFPs are calculated by the sum of the total concentration for all channels.\nif ds_xr.D.values[0] == 10.0: \n    ufp = total_concentration.sum(dim='D').rename('ultrafine_particles')\nufp\n
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Out[12]:
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<xarray.DataArray 'ultrafine_particles' (time: 2082)> Size: 17kB\narray([2835.40087571, 2660.5544105 , 2404.05851098, ..., 4750.68430241,\n       5008.78741303, 5318.25812929], shape=(2082,))\nCoordinates:\n  * time     (time) datetime64[ns] 17kB 2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-29T03...\nAttributes: (12/59)\n    units:                                         1/cm3\n    ancillary_variables:                           particle_number_size_distr...\n    cell_methods:                                  time: mean\n    ebas_data_license:                             https://creativecommons.or...\n    ebas_revision_date:                            20260429042602\n    ebas_version:                                  1\n    ...                                            ...\n    ebas_framework_contact_name:                   Cathrine Lund Myhre\n    ebas_framework_contact_email:                  clm@nilu.no\n    ebas_originator:                               Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.pet...\n    ebas_submitter:                                Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , , \n    ebas_acknowledgement:                          Data used in this <study/r...\n    ebas_comment:                                  automatic data processing ...
xarray.DataArray
'ultrafine_particles'
  • time: 2082
  • 2.835e+03 2.661e+03 2.404e+03 ... 4.751e+03 5.009e+03 5.318e+03
    array([2835.40087571, 2660.5544105 , 2404.05851098, ..., 4750.68430241,\n       5008.78741303, 5318.25812929], shape=(2082,))
    • time
      (time)
      datetime64[ns]
      2026-01-29T05:30:00 ... 2026-04-...
      standard_name :
      time
      long_name :
      time of measurement
      axis :
      T
      bounds :
      time_bnds
      array(['2026-01-29T05:30:00.000000000', '2026-01-29T06:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-01-29T07:30:00.000000000', ..., '2026-04-29T01:30:00.000000000',\n       '2026-04-29T02:30:00.000000000', '2026-04-29T03:30:00.000000000'],\n      shape=(2082,), dtype='datetime64[ns]')
  • units :
    1/cm3
    ancillary_variables :
    particle_number_size_distribution_amean_qc particle_number_size_distribution_amean_ebasmetadata
    cell_methods :
    time: mean
    ebas_data_license :
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    ebas_revision_date :
    20260429042602
    ebas_version :
    1
    ebas_version_description :
    initial revision
    ebas_statistics :
    arithmetic mean
    ebas_data_level :
    1.5
    ebas_sample_duration :
    1h
    ebas_orig_time_res :
    10mn
    ebas_station_code :
    HU0002R
    ebas_platform_code :
    HU0002S
    ebas_station_name :
    K-puszta
    ebas_station_wdca_id :
    GAWAHU__KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_id :
    KPS
    ebas_station_gaw_name :
    K-Puszta
    ebas_station_land_use :
    Forest
    ebas_station_setting :
    Rural
    ebas_station_gaw_type :
    R
    ebas_station_wmo_region :
    6
    ebas_station_latitude :
    46.965333
    ebas_station_longitude :
    19.544889
    ebas_station_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_latitude :
    46.58
    ebas_measurement_longitude :
    19.35
    ebas_measurement_altitude :
    125.0 m
    ebas_measurement_height :
    10.0 m
    ebas_regime :
    IMG
    ebas_component :
    particle_number_size_distribution
    ebas_unit :
    1/cm3
    ebas_matrix :
    pm10
    ebas_laboratory_code :
    FI03L
    ebas_instrument_type :
    dmps
    ebas_instrument_name :
    UHEL_DMPS_PUS_01_NRT
    ebas_instrument_manufacturer :
    UHEL
    ebas_instrument_model :
    DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_instrument_serial_number :
    00001
    ebas_method_ref :
    FI03L_DMPS_PUS_01
    ebas_standard_method :
    SOP=Wiedensohler2012
    ebas_inlet_type :
    Impactor--direct
    ebas_inlet_description :
    PM10 at ambient humidity inlet
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control :
    Nafion dryer
    ebas_humidity_temperaure_control_description :
    Aerosol flow dried to below 40% RH
    ebas_volume_std_temperature :
    273.15 K
    ebas_volume_std_pressure :
    1013.25 hPa
    ebas_measurement_uncertainty_expl :
    uncertainty range between instruments in intercomparison by Wiedensohler et al. 2012.
    ebas_zero_negative_values_code :
    Zero possible
    ebas_zero_negative_values :
    Zero values may appear due to statistical variations at very low concentrations
    ebas_organization :
    FI03L, University of Helsinki, UHEL, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_framework_acronym :
    ACTRIS_NRT
    ebas_framework_name :
    Near Realtime Data for European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases
    ebas_framework_description :
    ACTRIS is the European Research Infrastructure for the observation of Aerosol, Clouds, and Trace gases. ACTRIS is composed of observing stations, exploratory platforms, instruments calibration centres, and a data centre.
    ebas_framework_contact_name :
    Cathrine Lund Myhre
    ebas_framework_contact_email :
    clm@nilu.no
    ebas_originator :
    Pet\u00e4j\u00e4, Tuukka, tuukka.petaja@helsinki.fi, University of Helsinki, UHEL, \"Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Physics\", PO BOX 64, , FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
    ebas_submitter :
    Aalto, Pasi, , , , , , , , ,
    ebas_acknowledgement :
    Data used in this <study/report/figure/etc.> were accessed from EBAS (https://ebas.nilu.no) hosted by NILU. Specifically, the use included data affiliated with the framework: ACTRIS_NRT. Request acknowledgement details from data originator
    ebas_comment :
    automatic data processing using 'ebasproc' R package. Performed processing aggregation, setting of error flags
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Plot the UFP timeseries\u00b6

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In\u00a0[13]:
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df_ufp = ufp.to_dataframe().reset_index().set_index('time')\n
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In\u00a0[18]:
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fig = px.line(df_ufp)\nfig.update_layout(\n    title='Ultrafine particles at ' + ds_xr.ebas_station_name,\n    xaxis_title=\"Time\",\n    yaxis_title=\"UFPs [1/cm3]\",\n    showlegend=False,\n    title_font_size=20\n)\n\nfig.show()\n
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Calculate mean values\u00b6

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In\u00a0[15]:
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ufp_d = ufp.resample(time=\"1D\").mean()\nufp_m = ufp.resample(time=\"1ME\").mean()\n
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In\u00a0[17]:
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print('Daily mean: ', ufp_d.values[0], ' at ', np.datetime64(ufp_d.time.values[0], 'D'))\nprint('Monthly mean: ', ufp_m.values[0], ' at ', np.datetime64(ufp_m.time.values[0], 'M'))\n
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Daily mean:  2243.972374469616  at  2026-01-29\nMonthly mean:  2009.211821442409  at  2026-01\n
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